The History of Artificial Intelligence: Origins, Evolution, Global Power, Risks, and the Future

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved from an abstract philosophical concept and mathematical curiosity into one of the most transformative technological forces of the twenty-first century (Russell and Norvig, 2021; Copeland, 2000). By 2026, AI systems have become deeply embedded within global economic, political, scientific, and cultural infrastructures, reshaping how societies function at scale (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014; Floridi et al., 2018). This dissertation-style review examines the historical development, technological foundations, and contemporary applications of artificial intelligence, alongside its socio-economic, geopolitical, and ethical implications.

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